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NEW QUESTION # 24
Below is the pseudo-code for the bingo program:
The bingo program contains a data flow anomaly. Which data flow anomaly can be found in this program?
- A. Variable "MIN" is not assigned a value before using it.
- B. The hard-coded value '2" should not be used.
- C. An invalid value is assigned to variable "B".
- D. Variable "AB is defined but subsequently not used.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the provided pseudo-code for the Bingo program, the variable MIN is used in the statement MIN = MIN
+ A without being initialized with a value beforehand. This represents a classic 'use before define' anomaly, as the variable MIN must have an initial value before any operation like addition can be performed on it.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Below is the pseudo-code for the Win program:
The bingo program contains a data flow anomaly. Which data flow anomaly can be found in this program?
- A. Variable 'D" is defined but subsequently not used.
- B. The program does not contain any comments.
- C. Variable 'A" is not assigned a value before using it.
- D. It is recommended to use a variable instead of the hard-coded print results "Win" and *Loose".
Answer: A
Explanation:
The pseudo-code provided for the "Win" program reads in variables A, B, C, and D. However, only variables A, B, and C are used in the conditional statements to determine if the output will be "Win" or "Loose".
Variable 'D' is never used after it is read, which is a classic example of a 'defined but not used' data flow anomaly. This means that while there is an instruction to read a value into variable 'D', there is no subsequent use of this variable in the program's logic or output.
NEW QUESTION # 26
A medical company has performed a safety criticality analysis using the IEC61508 standard. The software components to be developed have been categorized by Safety Integrity Level (SIL). Most components have been rated at SIL 1 or 2, and a few components at SIL 4.
After some discussions with the QA manager, the project has decided to adhere to the recommendations for test coverage provided by the IEC61508 standard.
Which level and type of test coverage should at least be used for the components rated at Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 2?
- A. 100% statement coverage and 100% decision coverage
- B. 100% statement coverage, 100% decision coverage and 100% multiple condition coverage
- C. 100% statement coverage, 100% decision coverage and 100% MC/DC coverage
- D. 100% statement coverage
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the context of software testing, different safety integrity levels (SIL) require different levels of rigor in testing. According to the IEC61508 standard, for software components rated at SIL 2, achieving 100% statement coverage and 100% decision coverage is recommended. Statement coverage ensures that every line of code is executed at least once during testing, while decision coverage ensures that every decision in the code (e.g., every branch of an IF statement) is executed on both the true and false sides. These coverage criteria ensure a thorough testing of the software components to validate that they behave correctly in all circumstances. Multiple condition coverage and MC/DC coverage (Options A and B) are more rigorous and typically required for higher SIL levels, such as SIL 4.
NEW QUESTION # 27
You are asked to provide a practical and pragmatic testing solution for a commercial system where the main user interface is via the Internet. It is critical that the company's existing good name and market profile are not damaged in any way. Time to market is not a critical issue when appropriate testing solutions are identified to mitigate business risks.
A product risk assessment has revealed the following product risk:
* Abnormal application termination due to connection failure of the main interface.
Which of the following is the appropriate test type to address this risk?
- A. Reliability testing
- B. Performance efficiency testing
- C. Portability testing
- D. Operability testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reliability testing is the process of checking whether the software consistently performs according to its specifications. For a commercial system with a critical internet-based user interface, ensuring that the application can handle connection failures without abnormal terminations is essential. Reliability testing would include testing the system's ability to recover from failures and continue operating, which directly addresses the risk identified.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which of the following statements best captures the difference between data-driven and keyword-driven test automation?
- A. Data-driven test automation extends keyword-driven automation by defining data corresponding to business processes.
- B. Data-driven test automation is more maintainable than keyword-driven test automation.
- C. Keyword-driven test automation is easier to develop than data-driven test automation.
- D. Keyword-driven test automation extends data-driven automation by defining keywords corresponding to business processes.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Keyword-driven test automation is a framework where test cases are written using keywords that represent the actions or tests to be performed on the system. This is an extension of data-driven test automation, which focuses on separating test scripts from the test data, allowing the same test script to be run with various sets of data. Keyword-driven test automation further abstracts the process by allowing tests to be written in a more human-readable form that corresponds to business processes. This approach can improve maintainability and readability of test cases, making them easier to understand and modify. It's not necessarily the case that one is more maintainable or easier to develop than the other (Options C and D); rather, they serve different purposes in test automation strategy.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Consider the following control flow graph:
The control flow represents a software component of a car navigation system. Within the project the maximum cyclomatic complexity to be allowed is set at 5.
Which of the following statements is correct?
- A. A defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 6.
- B. No defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 4
- C. No defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 3.
- D. No defect needs to be reported since the cyclomatic complexity of the component is calculated at 5.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Cyclomatic complexity is a measure of the number of linearly-independent paths through a program's source code, which is often used as a measure of the complexity of a program. The control flow graph provided represents the logic of a software component and has more than 5 nodes with decision points, indicating that the complexity would exceed the maximum allowed value of 5. The calculation for cyclomatic complexity is V(G) = E - N + 2P, where E is the number of edges, N is the number of nodes, and P is the number of connected components. In this case, the calculated cyclomatic complexity exceeds the allowed threshold, thus a defect should be reported.
NEW QUESTION # 30
Consider the following fault attack:
* Force all possible incoming errors from the software/operating system interfaces to the application.
Which of the following is the kind of failure you are looking for when using this attack?
- A. Application crashes when unsupported characters are pasted into an input field.
- B. Application miscalculates total monthly balance due on credit cards.
- C. Application crashes due to a lack of portability.
- D. Application crashes when the network is unavailable.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The fault attack described involves forcing all possible incoming errors from software/operating system interfaces. The type of failure being sought is one where the application does not handle erroneous or unexpected input correctly, which can lead to crashes or other unintended behavior. Thus, an application crash when unsupported characters are pasted into an input field is a typical failure that this kind of fault attack would aim to uncover.
NEW QUESTION # 31
You are working on project where re-use of software is an objective. You are involved in the project as a Technical Test Analyst and have been given the task to develop a checklist for code reviews.
Which question from the list below should you implement as part of the code review checklist?
- A. Is it possible during acceptance testing to verity whether the item has been satisfied?
- B. Can each item be implemented with the techniques, tools, and resources available?
- C. Are all modules, data, and interfaces uniquely identified?
- D. Are all variables defined with meaningful, consistent and clear names?
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 32
You are involved in testing a system in the medical domain. Testing needs to comply with the FDA requirements and is rated as being safety critical. A product risk assessment has been performed and various mitigation actions have been identified. Reliability testing is one of the test types that needs to be performed throughout the development lifecycle.
Based on the information provided, which of the following activities would need to be addressed in the test plan?
- A. Design and execution of test cases for scalability.
- B. Testing whether the installation/de-installation can be completed.
- C. Perform a vulnerability scan.
- D. Design and execution of specific tests that evaluate the software's tolerance to faults in terms of handling unexpected input values.
Answer: D
Explanation:
In the context of safety-critical systems, particularly in the medical domain, reliability is of utmost importance. For such systems, it is crucial to ensure that the software can handle unexpected input values and continue to operate without failure. This is essential to ensure patient safety and compliance with FDA requirements. Vulnerability scans (option A) are more related to security testing, whereas scalability (option C) and installation/de-installation (option D) are important but not specifically related to the reliability and safety criticality of the system in the medical domain.
NEW QUESTION # 33
Consider the pseudo code provided below:
Which of the following options provides a set of test cases that achieves 100% decision coverage for this code fragment, with the minimum number of test cases?
Assume that in the options, each of the three numbers in parenthesis represent the inputs for a test case, where the first number represents variable "a", the second number represents variable "b", and the third number represents variable "c".
- A. (4,5. 0); {5, 4, 5)
- B. (5. 3, 2); (6, 4, 2); (5, 4, 0)
- C. (5. 3,2)
- D. (5. 4, 0); (3, 2, 5); (4, 5, 0)
Answer: B
Explanation:
To achieve 100% decision coverage with the minimum number of test cases, we need to ensure that every branch of the decision is taken at least once. For the code provided:
The first condition (a>b) is true for the first two test cases and false for the third.
The second condition (b>c) is true for the first test case, false for the second, and does not matter for the third since the first condition is false.
Therefore, with these three test cases, we cover all possible outcomes of the decision, ensuring 100% decision coverage.
NEW QUESTION # 34
You have been assigned to perform a review on code provided below:
Which type of defect should you report as part of the code review?
- A. Unreachable code
- B. Too many nested levels
- C. Endless loop
- D. No defects should be reported, code is correct.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The code provided contains a potential endless loop. The loop is conditioned on the variable 'E' being less than 1 (IF E < 1), but within the loop, there is no operation that modifies the value of 'E'. Therefore, once the loop is entered, if the condition A > B holds true, the value of 'E' remains unchanged, leading to an endless loop situation. The decrement of 'A' in line 15 does not guarantee an exit condition for the loop, as it does not affect the value of 'E'. This is a control flow defect that could cause the program to hang or crash.
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of the following defect types is NOT an example of a defect type typically found with API testing?
- A. Timing problems
- B. High architectural structural complexity
- C. Loss of transactions
- D. Data handling issues
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the context of API testing, the defect types generally found are related to the specific interactions with the API, such as issues with data formatting, handling, validation, and the sequencing or timing of API calls.
Architectural structural complexity is not typically a defect that would be identified at the API testing level.
API tests are concerned with the interface and immediate integration points, not the overarching system architecture, which would be more relevant to design or system-level testing.
NEW QUESTION # 36
At which test level would reliability testing most likely be performed?
- A. Component testing
- B. System testing
- C. Static testing
- D. Functional acceptance testing
Answer: B
Explanation:
Reliability testing is aimed at verifying the software's ability to function under expected conditions for a specified period of time. It is typically conducted during system testing, where the software is tested in its entirety to ensure that all components work together as expected in an environment that closely simulates the production environment. Reliability testing is not typically associated with static testing, component testing, or functional acceptance testing, as these levels of testing do not address the overall behavior of the system over time.
NEW QUESTION # 37
You are working on an internet banking project. Your company is offering this product to the financial market. For each new customer, some customization will typically be needed. To make the product successful there is a strong focus during development on a reliable and maintainable architecture. To support architectural reviews, a checklist will be developed. Within the checklist specific sections will be attributed to reliability and maintainability.
Which question from the list below should you include in the maintainability section of the architectural review checklist?
- A. Will the user interface be implemented independently from the other software modules?
- B. Does the password protection of the system adhere to the latest regulations?
- C. Does the system have user-friendly error messages?
- D. Will the system use n-version programming for critical components?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the context of an internet banking project where reliability and maintainability are emphasized, a key factor for maintainability is the modularity of the system. Implementing the user interface independently from other software modules (answer B) can significantly enhance maintainability. This is because it allows changes to be made to the user interface without impacting the underlying business logic or data access layers, making the system more adaptable to change. This kind of separation of concerns is a recognized best practice in software design for maintainability. The other options (A, C, and D) relate more to reliability and security aspects than to maintainability.
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which of the following is NOT a common issue with traditional capture/playback test automation?
- A. Data and actions are mixed in the recorded script.
- B. Difficult to maintain when software changes.
- C. Execution of the recorded script is difficult outside office hours.
- D. Recorded scripts are difficult to maintain by non-technical persons.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Common issues with traditional capture/playback test automation include difficulty in maintaining the scripts when software changes (option A), the challenge for non-technical persons to maintain recorded scripts (option B), and the issue that data and actions are often intertwined within the recorded script (option C), which can make them hard to understand and modify. However, the timing of the execution of the recorded script (option D), such as the difficulty of running scripts outside office hours, is not typically a problem inherent to capture/playback test automation itself but rather an environmental or scheduling issue.
NEW QUESTION # 39
Consider the following specification:
If you are flying with an economy ticket, there is a possibility that you may get upgraded to business class, especially if you hold a gold card in the airline's frequent flier program. If you don't hold a gold card, there is a possibility that you will get 'bumped' off the flight if it is full when you check in late.
This is shown in the control flow graph below. Note that each box (i.e., statement, decision) has been numbered.
Three tests have been run:
Test 1: Gold card holder who gets upgraded to business class
Test 2: Non-gold card holder who stays in economy
Test 3: A person who is bumped from the flight
What is the level of decision coverage achieved by these three tests?
- A. 75%
- B. 67%
- C. 80%
- D. 60%
Answer: B
Explanation:
The control flow graph provided illustrates the decision points for an airline's upgrade and boarding process.
Decision coverage is a measure of the percentage of decision points executed during testing:
Test 1 covers the decision points: Gold card? (Yes) and Business full? (No).
Test 2 covers: Gold card? (No) and Economy full? (No).
Test 3 covers the decision that leads to being bumped from the flight, which is Economy full? (Yes) and Business full? (Yes).
From the given tests, the decision points for Gold card? (No) and Business full? (No) are not tested, leaving us with 4 out of 6 decision points covered, which is approximately 67% decision coverage.
NEW QUESTION # 40
At which test level would performance efficiency testing most likely be performed?
- A. Component testing
- B. Integration testing
- C. System testing
- D. User acceptance testing
Answer: C
Explanation:
Performance efficiency testing is most commonly associated with system testing. This is the level at which the complete, integrated system is evaluated, and it is typically where performance, load, and stress testing are conducted to assess the system's behavior under various conditions and loads. Performance efficiency testing at this level helps to ensure that the system meets the necessary performance criteria as a whole.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Which of the following defect types is NOT an example of a defect type typically found with API testing?
- A. Timing problems
- B. High architectural structural complexity
- C. Loss of transactions
- D. Data handling issues
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the context of API testing, the defect types generally found are related to the specific interactions with the API, such as issues with data formatting, handling, validation, and the sequencing or timing of API calls.
Architectural structural complexity is not typically a defect that would be identified at the API testing level.
API tests are concerned with the interface and immediate integration points, not the overarching system architecture, which would be more relevant to design or system-level testing.
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which of the following statements about performance testing tools is NOT correct?
- A. Performance testing tools generate a load by simulating a large number of virtual users following their designated operational profiles to generate specific volumes of input data.
- B. Typical metrics and reports provided by performance testing tools include the number of simulated users throughout the test, and the number and type of transactions generated by the simulated users, and the arrival rate of the transactions.
- C. Significant factors to consider in the implementation of performance testing tools include the flexibility of the tool to allow different operational profiles to be easily implemented, and the hardware and network bandwidth required to generate the load.
- D. Performance testing tools typically drive the application by simulating user interaction at the graphical user interface level to more accurately measure response times.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The statement about performance testing tools that is NOT correct is that they typically drive the application by simulating user interaction at the graphical user interface (GUI) level to more accurately measure response times. In practice, performance testing tools often simulate user interactions at a protocol or service level rather than the GUI level. This approach allows the tools to generate a high load by simulating many virtual users, which would be challenging to achieve with GUI-level interactions due to the higher resource consumption and slower execution speed associated with GUI automation.
Performance testing tools are designed to assess the performance of a system under a particular load and are not primarily focused on the user interface. They simulate multiple users accessing the system simultaneously, which helps in identifying bottlenecks, understanding the system's behavior under load, and determining how the system scales with increasing load. The tools typically simulate user requests to the server, bypassing the GUI to directly test the backend, APIs, or other service endpoints. This method allows for more efficient and scalable testing, enabling the simulation of thousands of users without the overhead of rendering the GUI.
NEW QUESTION # 43
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